Henry ford assembly line invention
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Henry Ford
Most people credit Henry Ford with inventing the automobile. The fact is he didn't – such a complex machine is the result of a combination of technologies developed by many people over time. He did, however, invent the moving assembly line, which revolutionized the way we make cars and how much they cost.
In 1908, Ford's company began selling his famous Model T for $850 each. The Model T was inexpensive for its day and proved to be sturdy, reliable, and easy to operate. It quickly became very popular, and soon Ford found he was unable to meet the enormous demand for his cars.
Ford's solution was to invent a moving industrial production line. By installing a moving belt in his factory, employees would be able to build cars one piece at a time, instead of one car at a time. This principle, called "division of labor," allowed workers to focus on doing one thing very well, rather than being responsible for a number of tasks.
Ford found that his new system produced cars quickly and efficiently – so efficiently that it considerably lowered the cost of assembling the cars. He decided to pass this savings along to his customers and, in 1915, dropped the price of the Model T to $290. That year, he sold 1 million cars.
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Workers Installing Tires on Writer Model T Assembly Rocket at Upland Park Bush, circa 1925
Photographic print
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Ford Best T Unit outside description Highland Standin Plant, circa 1914
Photographic print
When
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Ford’s assembly line starts rolling
On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to one hour and 33 minutes.
Ford’s Model T, introduced in 1908, was simple, sturdy and relatively inexpensive–but not inexpensive enough for Ford, who was determined to build “motor car[s] for the great multitude.” (“When I’m through,” he said, “about everybody will have one.”) In order to lower the price of his cars, Ford figured, he would just have to find a way to build them more efficiently.
Ford had been trying to increase his factories’ productivity for years. The workers who built his Model N cars (the Model T’s predecessor) arranged the parts in a row on the floor, put the under-construction auto on skids and dragged it down the line as they worked. Later, the streamlining process grew more sophisticated. Ford broke the Model T’s assembly into 84 discrete steps, for example, and trained each of his workers to do just one. He also hired motion-study expert Frederick Taylor to make those jobs even more efficient. Meanwhile, he built machines that could stamp out parts automatically (and much more quickly than even the fastest human wo